Systems and methods for delivering merchandise using autonomous ground vehicles and unmanned aerial vehicles

ABSTRACT

In some embodiments, apparatuses and methods are provided herein useful to delivering merchandise using autonomous ground vehicles (AGVs) in cooperation with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). In some embodiments, the system includes: an AGV having a motorized locomotion system, a storage area to hold merchandise, a sensor to detect obstacles, a transceiver, and a control circuit to operate the AGV; a UAV having a motorized flight system, a gripper mechanism to grab merchandise, a transceiver, an optical sensor to capture images; and a control circuit to operate the UAV. In some forms, the system may include a control circuit that instructs movement of the AGV along a delivery route; determines if the AGV has stopped due to an obstacle; and in certain circumstances, instructs the UAV to retrieve merchandise from the AGV, calculates a delivery route for the UAV to the delivery location, and instructs the UAV to deliver the merchandise.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation application of U.S. Application No.17/480,595 filed Sep. 21, 2021, which is a continuation application ofU.S. Application No. 15/946,167, filed Apr. 5, 2018, which claimspriority to, and the benefit of, U.S. Provisional Application No.62/486,060, filed Apr. 17, 2017, the contents of all of which areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates generally to the delivery of merchandise, andmore particularly, to the delivery of merchandise using autonomousground vehicles and unmanned aerial vehicles.

BACKGROUND

In the retail setting, one important challenge is the delivery ofmerchandise to customers. Frequently, customers will order merchandisefor delivery to their residence or other delivery location within acertain scheduled time. Various delivery methods are available,including the use of a retailer’s delivery vehicles and third partydelivery services. Recently, efforts have been made to employ autonomousground vehicles to complete deliveries to customers.

The use of autonomous ground vehicles, however, presents its ownchallenges. More specifically, autonomous ground vehicles will oftenencounter obstacles that may prevent them from completing the delivery,such as, for example, motor vehicles, people, animals, roadconstruction, curbs, and closed gates. If the autonomous ground vehicleis unable to complete a delivery due to an obstacle, it is desirable tohave a back-up mechanism available to complete the delivery.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Disclosed herein are embodiments of systems, apparatuses and methodspertaining to delivering merchandise using autonomous ground vehicles incooperation with unmanned aerial vehicles. This description includesdrawings, wherein:

FIGS. 1A and 1B are schematic diagrams in accordance with someembodiments;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram in accordance with some embodiments;

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram in accordance with some embodiments; and

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram in accordance with some embodiments.

Elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity andhave not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensionsand/or relative positioning of some of the elements in the figures maybe exaggerated relative to other elements to help to improveunderstanding of various embodiments of the present invention. Also,common but well-understood elements that are useful or necessary in acommercially feasible embodiment are often not depicted in order tofacilitate a less obstructed view of these various embodiments of thepresent invention. Certain actions and/or steps may be described ordepicted in a particular order of occurrence while those skilled in theart will understand that such specificity with respect to sequence isnot actually required. The terms and expressions used herein have theordinary technical meaning as is accorded to such terms and expressionsby persons skilled in the technical field as set forth above exceptwhere different specific meanings have otherwise been set forth herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Generally speaking, pursuant to various embodiments, systems,apparatuses and methods are provided herein useful to deliveringmerchandise using autonomous ground vehicles in cooperation withunmanned aerial vehicles. In some embodiments, there is provided asystem including: an autonomous ground vehicle (AGV) including: amotorized locomotion system configured to facilitate movement of theAGV; a storage area configured to hold at least one merchandise item; atleast one sensor configured to detect obstacles in a direction of travelof the AGV and to stop the AGV if the at least one sensor detects anobstacle in the direction of travel; a first transceiver configured forwireless communication; a first control circuit operatively coupled tothe motorized locomotion system, the at least one sensor, and the firsttransceiver, the first control circuit configured to operate and movethe AGV; an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) including: a motorized flightsystem configured to facilitate flight of the UAV; a gripper mechanismconfigured to selectively grasp, hold, and release a merchandise item; asecond transceiver configured for wireless communication; an opticalsensor configured to capture a plurality of images; and a second controlcircuit operatively coupled to the motorized flight system, the grippermechanism, the second transceiver, and the optical sensor, the secondcontrol circuit configured to operate and fly the UAV; and a thirdcontrol circuit configured to: instruct movement of the AGV along afirst delivery route from a starting location to a delivery location;determine if the AGV has stopped based on the detection of an obstacleby the at least one sensor; and if the AGV stop satisfies apredetermined condition: instruct the UAV to retrieve a merchandise itemto be delivered from the storage area of the AGV using the grippermechanism; calculate a second delivery route for the UAV from thestopped AGV location to the delivery location; and instruct the UAV todeliver the merchandise item to be delivered from the AGV’s stoppedlocation to the delivery location using the optical sensor to captureimages of the delivery location.

In one form, in the system, the third control circuit may be configuredto: calculate a third delivery route to the delivery location from theAGV’s stopped location if the AGV encounters an obstacle and the stopdoes not satisfy the predetermined condition; and instruct the AGV tomove along the third delivery route to the delivery location to completethe delivery. Further, in the system, the predetermined condition mayinclude completing the delivery within a predetermined delivery time;the third control circuit may be unable to calculate a third deliveryroute for the AGV in which the delivery is completed within thepredetermined delivery time such that the predetermined condition is notsatisfied; and the third control circuit may instruct the UAV tocomplete the delivery. In addition, in the system, the predeterminedcondition may include a predetermined maximum wait time interval suchthat the UAV is instructed to retrieve the merchandise item to bedelivered if an obstacle causes the AGV to be stopped for a length oftime exceeding the predetermined maximum wait time interval.

In one form, the system may further include a mounting area on the AGVconfigured to support a UAV on the AGV and to secure it during movementof the AGV. Further, in the system, the third control circuit may beconfigured to instruct the UAV to return to the mounting area on the AGVfollowing completion of the delivery by the UAV, the UAV using itsoptical sensor to return to the mounting area. In addition, the thirdcontrol circuit may be physically located at a command and controlcenter remote from the AGV and the UAV, the third control circuit inwireless communication with the first and second control circuits. Also,in the system, the third control circuit may define a unitary controlcircuit with either the first or second control circuits such that thethird control circuit is physically incorporated into either the AGV orUAV.

In one form, in the system, the at least one sensor may include at leastone of laser, ultrasound, optical, and infrared sensors. Further, theobstacles in the direction of travel of the AGV may include at least oneof motor vehicles, people, animals, road construction, curbs, and closedgates. In addition, in the system, the AGV and UAV may each furtherinclude a GPS tracking device, and the third control circuit may beconfigured to track the locations of the AGV and the UAV.

In another form, there is provided a method for delivery of merchandiseusing autonomous ground vehicles in cooperation with unmanned aerialvehicles, the system including: providing an autonomous ground vehicle(AGV) including: a motorized locomotion system configured to facilitatemovement of the AGV; a storage area configured to hold at least onemerchandise item; at least one sensor configured to detect obstacles ina direction of travel of the AGV and to stop the AGV if the at least onesensor detects an obstacle in the direction of travel; a firsttransceiver configured for wireless communication; and a first controlcircuit operatively coupled to the motorized locomotion system, the atleast one sensor, and the first transceiver, the first control circuitconfigured to operate and move the AGV; providing an unmanned aerialvehicle (UAV) including: a motorized flight system configured tofacilitate flight of the UAV; a gripper mechanism configured toselectively grasp, hold, and release a merchandise item; a secondtransceiver configured for wireless communication; an optical sensorconfigured to capture a plurality of images; and a second controlcircuit operatively coupled to the motorized flight system, the grippermechanism, the second transceiver, and the optical sensor, the secondcontrol circuit configured to operate and fly the UAV; instructingmovement of the AGV along a first delivery route from a startinglocation to a delivery location; determining if the AGV has stoppedbased on the detection of an obstacle by the at least one sensor; and ifthe AGV stop satisfies a predetermined condition: instructing the UAV toretrieve a merchandise item to be delivered from the storage area of theAGV using the gripper mechanism; calculating a second delivery route forthe UAV from the stopped AGV location to the delivery location; andinstructing the UAV to deliver the merchandise item to be delivered fromthe AGV’s stopped location to the delivery location using the opticalsensor to capture images of the delivery location.

Referring to FIGS. 1A and 1B, there is shown a schematic representationof a delivery system 100 using an AGV as a primary delivery mechanismand a UAV as a backup if an obstacle blocks the AGV. In other words, thedelivery system generally involves cooperation of an AGV and a UAV. Inmany circumstances, it is contemplated that an AGV will be able to makethe delivery itself without assistance. However, in some circumstances,the AGV may encounter an obstacle that it cannot easily avoid orcircumvent. In such circumstances, it is contemplated that a UAV willcomplete the delivery by retrieving the merchandise from the AGV andtransporting it to the delivery location.

As a simple example, in some circumstances, the AGV may be able totravel most of the delivery route but cannot complete the last leg,i.e., the last 50 feet to the delivery location. For example, the AGVmight get struck at the gate in front of a customer’s residence. So, theAGV could travel all the way to the gate, and the UAV can then grab thepackage and deliver it to the residence.

The system 100 includes an AGV 102 configured to deliver merchandise bytravelling from a starting location to a delivery location. It isgenerally contemplated that the AGV will deliver merchandise from aretailer to a delivery location (such as the customer’s residence). TheAGV 102 may travel from a starting location at a retail store, adelivery vehicle (that may transport multiple AGVs 102 to certainlocations), a product distribution center, or any other suitablelocation. The AGV 102 may then travel along a delivery route to adelivery location, such as a customer residence, customer businesslocation, or other customer designated pick up location.

It is generally contemplated that the AGV 102 includes certainconventional components that allow it to transport merchandise 107. Forexample, the AGV 102 includes a motorized locomotion system 104configured to facilitate movement of the AGV 102. In one form, it isgenerally contemplated that this motorized locomotion system 104includes wheels, a motor, a drive mechanism coupled to the wheels, and apower source to enable operation of the wheels and drive mechanism.Further, the AGV 102 includes a storage area 106 configured to hold atleast one package/merchandise item 107. As should be evident, thestorage area 106 may be any of various physical sizes and geometries,and the AGV 102 may be configured to make one delivery at a time beforepicking up an additional merchandise item 107 or may make multipledeliveries of merchandise items 107 before replenishing its storage area106.

The AGV 102 also includes sensor(s) 108 configured to detect obstaclesin a direction of travel of the AGV 102 and to stop the AGV 102 ifobstacles are detected. For example, some types of obstacle detectionsensors may include laser, ultrasound, optical, and infrared sensors,although any suitable obstacle detection sensor may be used. Further,some examples of types of obstacles the AGV 102 may encounter includemotor vehicles, people, animals, road construction, curbs, closed gates,and any unpredictable obstructions, but these examples are not intendedto encompass an exhaustive list of possible obstacles.

In addition, the AGV 102 includes a transceiver 110 for wirelesscommunication. In one form, as addressed further below, it iscontemplated that the AGV 102 may communicate with a command and controlcenter 112 remote from the AGV 102. It is also contemplated that the AGV102 may communicate with a UAV 114 as an alternative to (or in additionto) communicating with the command and control center 112.

As shown in FIG. 1 , the system 100 also includes UAV 114 configured todeliver merchandise 107 by travelling from the AGV 102 to the deliverylocation. As stated above, the UAV 114 operates as a back-up deliverymechanism in the event that the AGV 102 encounters an obstacle thatprevents the AGV 102 from completing the delivery. In one form, the UAV114 may be mounted on and transported by the AGV 102 during thedelivery. In another form, it is contemplated that the AGV 102 maycommunicate when it encounters an obstacle, and the UAV 114 may travelto the AGV 102 to pick up the merchandise 107 to be delivered and tothen fly to the delivery location to complete the delivery.

It is generally contemplated that the UAV 114 includes certainconventional components that allow it to transport merchandise 107. Forexample, the UAV 114 includes a motorized flight system 116 configuredto facilitate flight of the UAV 114. In one form, it is generallycontemplated that this motorized flight system 116 includes props, anavigational guidance system coupled to the props, a power source toenable operation of the props and navigational guidance system, andlanding gear. Further, the UAV 114 includes a gripper mechanism 118configured to selectively grasp, hold, and release a merchandise item107. This gripper mechanism 118 may be any of various types, such asgrabber claws, magnetic devices, etc., as may be suitable to retrieve amerchandise item 107, hold it during transport, and then release it atthe delivery location. The UAV 114 also includes a transceiver 120configured for wireless communication, such as for communication withthe AGV 102 and/or with command and control center 112.

Further, the UAV 114 includes an optical (or imaging) sensor 122configured to capture a plurality of images. The optical sensor 122 maybe any of various types of cameras, video devices, etc., that may beconfigured to capture still images and/or image sequences. In one form,it is contemplated that these images may be transmitted to the commandand control center 112 to enable a pilot to navigate the UAV 114 incertain circumstances. For example, images may be captured of the AGVstorage area 106 to allow a pilot operating the UAV 114 to grab themerchandise item 107. As another example, the optical sensor 122 maycapture images of the landing area about the delivery location to allowa pilot to choose a suitable landing area and land the drone. Further,the optical sensor 122 may capture images of an area on the AGV 102 formounting the UAV 114, thereby allowing a pilot to land the UAV 114 inthis area following completion of a delivery.

Referring to FIG. 2 , there is shown a system 200 for the delivery ofmerchandise, such as from a retailer to a customer. The system 200includes an AGV 202 and a UAV 204 that cooperate with one another tocomplete the delivery. In some circumstances, the AGV 202 may be able totransport merchandise along a delivery path to a destination without anyaction required from the UAV 204. In other words, the UAV 204 operatesas the primary delivery mechanism. However, in some circumstances, theAGV 202 may encounter an obstacle that prevents it from completingdelivery. In these circumstances, it is contemplated that the UAV 204will complete the delivery to the destination by flying over anyobstacles, i.e., it will operate as a secondary delivery mechanism, ifnecessary. As described further below, the system 200 may include aremote command and control center 206 that controls, in whole or inpart, the operation of the AGV 202 and/or the UAV 204.

The AGV 202 includes various components in order to deliver merchandisefrom a starting location (such as a retailer’s store, productdistribution center, etc.) to a destination location (such as a customerresidence or business location). The AGV 202 includes a conventionalmotorized locomotion system 208 for facilitating movement of the AGV202. It is generally contemplated that the motorized locomotion system208 may include wheels (or tracks or legs), a motor, a drive mechanism,and a power source (such as a battery). In one form, the motorizedlocomotion system 208 may be navigated along a preprogrammed orcalculated delivery route from the starting location to the destinationlocation (or to a waypoint near the destination location). Further, inone form, the motorized locomotion system 208 may be navigated by ahuman operator at the remote command and control center 206 as it nearsthe destination (such as from a waypoint near the destination to thefinal destination location) because more expert navigation may berequired at this stage.

The AGV 202 also includes a storage area 210 for holding the merchandiseitem(s) being delivered. The merchandise items may be of any typesuitable for delivery, such as, for example, clothing, grocery, sportinggoods, general retail merchandise, etc. In addition, the storage area210 may be refrigerated and/or insulated for the delivery of perishableitems, such as frozen or refrigerated grocery items. Also, the storagearea 210 may be of any of various sizes and shapes. It may be relativelysmall for delivery of a single item per delivery and/or to conservebattery power. Alternatively, it may be relatively large to allow thestorage of multiple merchandise items for delivery to differentdestinations.

The AGV 202 further includes sensor(s) 212 for navigation and fordetecting obstacles in the AGV’s path as it travels along its deliveryroute and to permit the AGV 202 to stop if the sensor(s) detect anobstacle in the AGV’s path. These sensor(s) 212 may be of any of varioustypes, including compasses and other navigational aids, gyroscopes,laser range finders, ultrasound range finders, infrared sensors, andoptical/imaging sensors (such as video/camera devices). It is generallycontemplated that the AGV 202 includes sensor(s) 212 that allow the AGV202 to automatically stop when encountering an obstacle. Some types ofobstacles may include motor vehicles, people, animals, roadconstruction, curbs, closed gates, and any unpredictable obstructions.It is also generally contemplated that the AGV 202 may includeoptical/imaging sensors 212 to permit a human operator to remotely guidethe AGV 202 at the end of the delivery to its final merchandise drop-offlocation.

In addition, the AGV 202 includes a transceiver 214 or other suitablecommunication device for wireless communication. It is generallycontemplated that the AGV 202 will communicate with the UAV 204 and/orwith the command and control center 206. For example, when the AGV 202encounters an obstacle that prevents it from completing the delivery, itmay communicate with the UAV 204 to retrieve the merchandise to bedelivered and to complete the delivery. Alternatively, the AGV 202 maycommunicate with the command and control center 206 when it encountersan obstacle (and the center 206 may then communicate with the UAV 204),and/or the AGV 202 may communicate with the command and control center206 at other times during delivery (such as upon completion of thedelivery). Further, the AGV 202 may include a GPS tracking device 213,such as for tracking of the location of the AGV 202 by the command andcontrol center 206.

The AGV 202 may also include a mounting area 215 so that a UAV 204 maybe transported along with the AGV 202 during delivery. In other words,the AGV 202 may include a mounting area 215 for supporting the UAV 204on the AGV 202 and to preferably secure it during movement of the AGV202. So, in one form, it is contemplated that the UAV 204 may betransported with the AGV 202 during deliveries and, when an obstacle isencountered, the UAV 204 may complete transportation of a merchandiseitem from the stopped AGV 202 to the destination location. In this form,the UAV 204 may recharge on the AGV 202 before and/or after completing adelivery. However, in another form, it is contemplated that the UAV 204is not mounted on the AGV 202 but may instead be called from a remotelocation, as necessary. In other words, if the AGV 202 encounters anobstacle, a UAV 204 may be contacted (either directly by the AGV 202 orby a command and control center 206) and will travel to the stopped AGVto retrieve the merchandise item and complete the delivery.

The system 200 also includes a control circuit 216 that is operativelycoupled to the motorized locomotion system 208, the sensor(s) 212, andthe transceiver 214, and the control circuit 216 is configured togenerally operate the AGV 202. Being a “circuit,” the control circuit216 therefore comprises structure that includes at least one (andtypically many) electrically-conductive paths (such as paths comprisedof a conductive metal such as copper or silver) that convey electricityin an ordered manner, which path(s) will also typically includecorresponding electrical components (both passive (such as resistors andcapacitors) and active (such as any of a variety of semiconductor-baseddevices) as appropriate) to permit the circuit to effect the controlaspect of these teachings.

Such a control circuit 216 can comprise a fixed-purpose hard-wiredhardware platform (including but not limited to an application-specificintegrated circuit (ASIC) (which is an integrated circuit that iscustomized by design for a particular use, rather than intended forgeneral-purpose use), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), and thelike) or can comprise a partially or wholly-programmable hardwareplatform (including but not limited to microcontrollers,microprocessors, and the like). These architectural options for suchstructures are well known and understood in the art and require nofurther description here. This control circuit 216 is configured (forexample, by using corresponding programming as will be well understoodby those skilled in the art) to carry out one or more of the steps,actions, and/or functions described herein.

It is generally contemplated that the control circuit 216 willautonomously navigate and operate the AGV 202 (but possibly withinstruction from a remote command and control center 206 in certaincircumstances). In one form, the control circuit 216 uses input from thesensor(s) 212 to detect obstacles and to calculate and navigate adelivery route (and to recalculate and determine alternative deliveryroutes). As described further below, the control circuit 216 usesalgorithms to determine the action to be taken when it encountersobstacles and other events during delivery. It is also contemplated thatthe control circuit 216 may employ artificial intelligence and machinelearning capability such that it learns how to deal with events andobstacles as it encounters them during repeated delivery missions. Forexample, the control circuit 216 may use various inputs and factors withmachine learning to develop predictions of the actions to take in viewof obstacles. Machine learning algorithms may take into account inputsthat can be used to retrain the model to adapt to different obstaclesand other inputs that it might encounter along a delivery route.

By one optional approach, the control circuit 216 may be operablycoupled to a memory that can serve, for example, to non-transitorilystore the computer instructions that, when executed by the controlcircuit 216, cause the control circuit 216 to behave as describedherein. In one form, the control circuit 216 may also operably couple toa network interface that can compatibly communicate via whatever networkor networks may be appropriate to suit the particular needs of thecontrol circuit 216. However, in another form, it is generallycontemplated that the control circuit 216 may not be directly coupled toa network interface and network because instead the AGV 202 may be incommunication with a command and control center 206 that may be coupledto a network interface and network.

The system 200 also includes a UAV 204, which serves as a back-updelivery apparatus. The UAV 204 includes various components in order todeliver merchandise from the AGV’s location (when it is blocked by anobstacle) to the destination location. The UAV 204 includes a motorizedflight system 218 configured to facilitate flight of the UAV 204. Forexample, the motorized flight system 218 may be in the form ofpropellers, a drive mechanism, a motor, landing gear, and a power source(such as a battery).

Further, the UAV 204 includes a gripper mechanism 220 for selectivelygrasping, holding, and releasing the merchandise item being delivered.It is generally contemplated that the gripper mechanism 220 may be anyof various types, such as, for example, grabbing claws (that may includea cable attached to the UAV 204 and multiple talons), robotic grippingarms, clamps, magnets, etc. The gripper mechanism 220 is arranged so asto retrieve the merchandise item from the storage area 210, retain themerchandise item as the UAV 204 flies to the destination location, anddrop off the merchandise item at the destination location.

In addition, the UAV 204 includes a transceiver 222 or other two-waycommunication device for wireless communication. It is generallycontemplated that the UAV 204 will communicate with the AGV 202 and/orwith the command and control center 206. For example, if the AGV 202encounters an insurmountable obstacle, the UAV 204 may receive acommunication either directly from the AGV 202 (or indirectly from AGV202 via the command and control center 206) that instructs the UAV 204to retrieve the merchandise item from the AGV 202 and complete thedelivery. It is also contemplated that the UAV may communicate with theAGV 202 and/or the command and control center 206 at other times duringdelivery (such as upon completion of the delivery or upon possiblyreturning to the AGV 202 after the delivery). Further, the UAV 204 mayinclude a GPS tracking device 223, such as for tracking of the locationof the UAV 204 by the command and control center 206.

The UAV 204 also includes sensors(s) facilitating flight of the UAV 204and delivery of merchandise items. It is generally contemplated that theUAV 204 may include conventional position and movement sensors (such ascompasses, gyroscopes, accelerometers, etc.) that provide information toassist in navigation of the craft. The UAV 204 further includes anoptical/imaging sensor 224 configured to capture a plurality of images.The optical/imaging sensor 224 may be any of various types ofvideo/camera devices. It is contemplated that the imaging sensor 224will capture images at various stages of the flight, such as duringretrieval of a merchandise item being delivered from the AGV storagearea 210, landing at the destination location, and possibly returningand landing on the AGV 202 following delivery. At these particularstages, it is contemplated that the UAV 204 may be in communication witha human operator at the command and control center 206, whose expertguidance may be required to navigate the UAV 204. At other times, theUAV 204 may operate and fly autonomously.

In addition, the UAV 204 includes a control circuit 226 that isoperatively coupled to the motorized flight system 218, the grippermechanism 220, the transceiver 222, and the optical sensor 224, and theUAV control circuit 226 is configured to operate and fly the UAV 204.Like the AGV control circuit 216, being a “circuit,” the UAV controlcircuit 226 therefore comprises structure that includes at least one(and typically many) electrically-conductive paths (such as pathscomprised of a conductive metal such as copper or silver) that conveyelectricity in an ordered manner, which path(s) will also typicallyinclude corresponding electrical components (both passive (such asresistors and capacitors) and active (such as any of a variety ofsemiconductor-based devices) as appropriate) to permit the circuit toeffect the control aspect of these teachings.

Such a control circuit 226 can comprise a fixed-purpose hard-wiredhardware platform (including but not limited to an application-specificintegrated circuit (ASIC) (which is an integrated circuit that iscustomized by design for a particular use, rather than intended forgeneral-purpose use), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), and thelike) or can comprise a partially or wholly-programmable hardwareplatform (including but not limited to microcontrollers,microprocessors, and the like). These architectural options for suchstructures are well known and understood in the art and require nofurther description here. This control circuit 216 is configured (forexample, by using corresponding programming as will be well understoodby those skilled in the art) to carry out one or more of the steps,actions, and/or functions described herein.

It is generally contemplated that the control circuit 226 willautonomously navigate and operate the UAV 204 (but possibly withinstruction from a remote command and control center 206 in certaincircumstances). In one form, the control circuit 226 uses input from itssensor(s) 212 to determine its position (assuming it is mounted on theAGV 202) and may calculate and navigate a delivery route to thedestination location. In another form, the command and control center206 may transmit information to the UAV 204 information regarding theAGV location, the destination location, and the delivery route.

Like the AGV control circuit 216, the UAV control circuit 226 may beoperably coupled to a memory that can serve, for example, tonon-transitorily store the computer instructions that, when executed bythe control circuit 226, cause the control circuit 226 to behave asdescribed herein. In one form, the control circuit 226 may also operablycouple to a network interface that can compatibly communicate viawhatever network or networks may be appropriate to suit the particularneeds of the control circuit 226. However, in another form, it isgenerally contemplated that the control circuit 226 may not be directlycoupled to a network interface and network because instead the UAV 204may be in communication with a command and control center 206 that maybe coupled to a network interface and network.

Next, the system 200 optionally includes a command and control center206 in communication with both the AGV 202 and UAV 204. In one form, itis contemplated that the system 200 need not include a remote commandand control center 206, but instead, the system 200 is controlled andoperated primarily by either the AGV control circuit 216 or the UAVcontrol circuit 226. However, in the preferred form, the system doesinclude the command and control center 206 that communicates with andcontrols the operation of the AGV 202 and UAV 204 in some circumstances(such as by a human operator). The command and control center 206 mayinclude a communication interface 228. This interface 228 may includevarious conventional components for communicating with the AGV 202 andUAV 204 and facilitating remote operation of the AGV 202 and UAV 204,such as joysticks, virtual reality and augmented reality interfaces,voice commands, radio transmitters/receivers/transceivers, mobilecomputing devices, computer programs, etc.

As indicated, the command and control center 206 preferably controls theoperation of the AGV 202 and UAV 204 in certain circumstances, which isperformed via control circuit 230. More specifically, the controlcircuit 230 instructs movement of the AGV 202 along a delivery routefrom a starting location to a delivery location and determines if theAGV 202 has stopped based on the AGV’s detection of an obstacle (such asvia a communication from the AGV 202). Then, under certain establishedconditions or circumstances, the control circuit 230 instructs the UAV204 to retrieve the merchandise item to be delivered from the AGVstorage area 210 using the gripper mechanism 220, calculate a deliveryroute for the UAV 204 from the stopped AGV location to the deliverylocation, and instruct the UAV 204 to deliver the merchandise item fromthe AGV’s stopped location to the delivery location.

Assuming the UAV 204 completes a delivery, the UAV 204 may either returnto the AGV 202 or may be instructed to proceed to another designatedlocation. In one form, the control circuit 230 may be configured toinstruct the UAV 204 to return to the mounting area 215 on the AGV 202following completion of the delivery by the UAV 204. In this form, it isassumed that the AGV 202 has a mounting area 215 and the UAV 204 isgenerally travelling along with the AGV 202. Further, the UAV 204 mayuse its optical sensor 224 when returning to and landing at the mountingarea 215, and it is contemplated that a human operator at a command andcontrol center 206 may assist or guide this landing at the mounting area215.

It is also contemplated that alternative delivery routes for the AGV 202may be calculated prior to action by the UAV 204. In other words, theAGV 202 may be re-routed when it encounters an obstacle. For example,the control circuit 230 may calculate an alternative delivery route tothe delivery location from the AGV’s stopped location if the AGVencounters an obstacle and the stop does not satisfy the predeterminedcondition. The control circuit 230 may then instruct the AGV 202 to movealong the alternative delivery route to the delivery location tocomplete the delivery.

Any of various conditions or circumstances may be set to trigger actionby the UAV 204. So, for example, the UAV 204 may complete the deliveryif the AGV 202 cannot complete the delivery on time by taking analternative route. In other words, the condition may be in the form ofcompleting the delivery within an established delivery time. In oneform, if the control circuit 230 is unable to calculate an alternativedelivery route for the AGV 202 in which the delivery is completed withinthe established delivery time, the control circuit 230 may instruct theUAV 204 to complete the delivery.

As another example, the established condition or circumstance may be amaximum time that is established for the AGV 202 to wait for anobstacle. In other words, the condition may be in the form of apredetermined maximum wait time interval such that the UAV 204 isinstructed to retrieve the merchandise item to be delivered if anobstacle causes the AGV 202 to be stopped for a length of time exceedingthe predetermined maximum wait time interval. This condition may notrequire a calculation of alternative delivery routes.

More specifically, in this maximum wait time example, when sensors 212on the AGV 202 detect an object blocking the route to complete thedelivery, the AGV 202 may start a timer. Once the time on the timer forthe blockage exceeds a threshold, the AGV 202 notifies the command andcontrol center of the blockage. If the AGV 202 has a mounted UAV 204,the AGV 202 may communicate with the UAV through Bluetooth, internethotspot, or radio to activate the UAV gripper device 220 to extract thepackage. In this example, the UAV 204 may activate a top up facingcamera 224 to see if there are overhead obstructions. Assuming there areno overhead obstructions, the AGV 202 or the UAV 204 may transmit theirlocation back to the command and control center 206. The command andcontrol center 206 may then use the AGV/UAV location and the destinationlocation to compute a new route for the UAV 204 to complete the deliverymission.

In this example, the command and control center 206 may then transmitthe route to the UAV 204 for it to complete the mission. The UAV 204 maythen grab and lift the package/merchandise to be delivered from the AGV202 and launch itself to deliver the package. Once the destination isreached, the UAV 204 may communicate to the AGV 202 and the command andcontrol center 206 that the delivery is complete. Further, the AGV 202may communicate its location and the UAV 204 may communicate itslocation back to the command and control center 206 to calculate theroute for the UAV 204 to land back on top of the AGV 202. Once the UAV204 is within range of the AGV 202, the UAV cameras 224 may be used toposition the UAV 204 above the AGV 202 for landing. Once the UAV 204 islanded, the AGV 202 may recharge the UAV 204 by connecting a charger onthe AGV 202 to the UAV 204 battery charging strips in the UAV landinggear. If the AGV 202 has another package to deliver, the UAV 204 mayassist in another package delivery.

As stated above, the control circuit 230 may be remotely located at acommand and control center 206. In other words, in one form, the controlcircuit 230 may be physically located at a command and control center206 remote from the AGV 202 and the UAV 204, and the control circuit 230is in wireless communication with the AGV and UAV control circuits 216,226. However, in another form, the control circuit 230 may define aunitary control circuit with either the AGV or UAV control circuits 216,226 such that the control circuit 230 is physically incorporated intoeither the AGV 202 or UAV 204.

Assuming a separate control circuit 230 at the command and controlcenter 206, the control circuit 230 is communicatively coupled to theAGV 202 and UAV 204. Like the AGV control circuit 216 and the UAVcontrol circuit 226, being a “circuit,” the control circuit 230therefore comprises structure that includes at least one (and typicallymany) electrically-conductive paths (such as paths comprised of aconductive metal such as copper or silver) that convey electricity in anordered manner, which path(s) will also typically include correspondingelectrical components (both passive (such as resistors and capacitors)and active (such as any of a variety of semiconductor-based devices) asappropriate) to permit the circuit to effect the control aspect of theseteachings.

Such a control circuit 230 can comprise a fixed-purpose hard-wiredhardware platform (including but not limited to an application-specificintegrated circuit (ASIC) (which is an integrated circuit that iscustomized by design for a particular use, rather than intended forgeneral-purpose use), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), and thelike) or can comprise a partially or wholly-programmable hardwareplatform (including but not limited to microcontrollers,microprocessors, and the like). These architectural options for suchstructures are well known and understood in the art and require nofurther description here. This control circuit 230 is configured (forexample, by using corresponding programming as will be well understoodby those skilled in the art) to carry out one or more of the steps,actions, and/or functions described herein.

By one optional approach, the control circuit 230 operably couples to amemory 232. This memory 232 may be integral to the control circuit 230or can be physically discrete (in whole or in part) from the controlcircuit 230, as desired. This memory 232 can also be local with respectto the control circuit 230 (where, for example, both share a commoncircuit board, chassis, power supply, and/or housing) or can bepartially or wholly remote with respect to the control circuit 230(where, for example, the memory 232 is physically located in anotherfacility, metropolitan area, or even country as compared to the controlcircuit 230).

This memory 232 can serve, for example, to non-transitorily store thecomputer instructions that, when executed by the control circuit 230,cause the control circuit 230 to behave as described herein. As usedherein, this reference to “non-transitorily” will be understood to referto a non-ephemeral state for the stored contents (and hence excludeswhen the stored contents merely constitute signals or waves), ratherthan volatility of the storage media itself, and hence includes bothnon-volatile memory (such as read-only memory (ROM)) as well as volatilememory (such as an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM).)

In this example, the control circuit 230 may also operably couple to anetwork interface 234. So configured, the control circuit 230 cancommunicate with other elements (both within the system 200 and externalthereto) via the network interface 234. Network interfaces, includingboth wireless and non-wireless platforms, are well understood in the artand require no particular elaboration here. This network interface 234can compatibly communicate via whatever network or networks 236 may beappropriate to suit the particular needs of a given application setting.Both communication networks and network interfaces are well understoodareas of prior art endeavor and therefore no further elaboration will beprovided here in those regards for the sake of brevity.

Referring to FIG. 3 , there is shown a process 300 for deliveringmerchandise using a combination AGV-UAV delivery system. The process 300uses an AGV as the primary delivery mechanism with the UAV serving as aback-up mechanism if the AGV encounters certain types of obstacles. Theprocess 300 may use some or all of the components of the systems 100 and200 described above.

At block 302, an AGV transporting the merchandise item is provided fordelivery to a delivery location. It is generally contemplated that theAGV will include components needed for performing the delivery,including a motorized locomotion system, a storage area for holding themerchandise item, sensor(s) to detect obstacles in the delivery path, atransceiver for wireless communication, and a control circuit for movingand operating the AGV. These components may be those described abovewith respect to systems 100 and 200. The AGV is the primary deliverymechanism and will transport the merchandise item along the entiredelivery route from the starting location to the delivery location, ifpracticable.

At block 304, a UAV is provided to act as a back-up delivery mechanism.It is also contemplated that the UAV will include components needed forperforming the delivery, including a motorized flight system, a grippermechanism for retrieving the merchandise item from the AGV, atransceiver for wireless communication, an optical/imaging sensor forcapturing images, and a control circuit for operating and flying theUAV. These components may be those described above with respect tosystems 100 and 200. In one form, it is contemplated that the UAV may betransported by the AGV, i.e., ride piggy-back along with the AGV. TheUAV is the back-up delivery mechanism if the AGV encounters a certaintype of obstacle and will transport the merchandise item from thestopped AGV to the delivery location.

At block 306, the AGV is instructed to move along a delivery route froma starting location to a delivery (or destination) location. In oneform, it is contemplated that the AGV may be programmed to deliver (ormay calculate a delivery route) to a waypoint near the final merchandisedrop-off location. In this form, the process 300 contemplates thepossible involvement of a human operator at a remote command and controlcenter. The AGV may be instructed to travel autonomously to thewaypoint, and the human operator may navigate the AGV to the finaldrop-off location. This involvement by a human operator may be desirableto make sure the AGV is expertly and accurately guided to the drop-offlocation.

At block 308, the AGV stops in response to an obstacle in its deliverypath. The AGV may encounter numerous obstacles along its delivery path(such as, for example, motor vehicles, people, animals, traffic, roadand sidewalk obstacles, etc.). Some of these obstacles may be temporaryin nature and may incur relatively minor delay by the AGV. However, someof these obstacles may be of a more permanent nature (such as a closedgate or a block road) or may incur a significant delay (such as afreight train or raised bridge).

At block 310, it is determined if the AGV stop satisfies certainconditions. As a first example, the condition may involve apredetermined maximum wait time interval. In this example, once theAGV’s actual measured wait time exceeds this threshold, the condition issatisfied, and the UAV will be contacted to complete this delivery. Thisthreshold may be based on a single wait time or based on cumulative waittimes for multiple obstacles encountered during the delivery. Forexample, the predetermined maximum wait time interval may be one hour(which may constitute the maximum amount of delay allowed in order tosatisfy a delivery schedule), and this one hour period may be exceededbased on the cumulative amount of delay (such as three separate stops of15 minute, 20 minutes, and 25 minutes wait time). Alternatively, thecondition may apply the threshold to each individual stop such that onestop exceeding the one hour wait time is required before the conditionis satisfied.

Another example of a condition involves calculating an alternative routeabout an obstacle and comparing the new estimated delivery time with ascheduled delivery time. In this example, when the AGV encounters anobstacle, it calculates alternative routes to the delivery location, aswell as an estimated delivery time for each alternative route. It thencompares the estimated delivery times for alternative routes with athreshold delivery time (such as the latest scheduled time the deliverycan be made). In this example, once all of the estimated delivery timesexceed the threshold delivery time, the condition is satisfied, and theUAV will be contacted to complete this delivery.

In another example, the condition may involve the length of timeestimated for the UAV to complete the delivery. This condition mayinvolve a minimum time threshold for completion of the delivery. If theAGV has not completed the delivery by a certain time (such as the latestscheduled delivery time minus the minimum time threshold), the conditionis satisfied, and the UAV will be contacted to complete this delivery.

Further, as another example, the UAV may be limited in the distance itcan travel, such as based on limits arising from its battery. In otherwords, the UAV may not be able to fly long distances, especially withheavy objects, because its battery will not be able to providesufficient power. Accordingly, a maximum UAV flight distance may beincorporated into the conditions/algorithms/requirements. If the AGVcannot complete the delivery and the remaining distance to the waypointor delivery location exceeds the maximum flight distance, the deliverymission may be aborted entirely.

As should be evident, numerous types of conditions can be established totrigger when the UAV will take over and complete the delivery. Theseconditions may involve such factors and inputs as scheduled deliverytimes, amount of delay caused by obstacle(s), estimated travel time ofthe AGV along alternative routes, and estimated flight time of the UAVfrom the AGV’s current position to the delivery location. Further, inother algorithms, the conditions may involve other considerations, suchas the remaining battery power of the AGV and/or the UAV (e.g., a lowthreshold AGV battery power may trigger the condition), real timetraffic conditions (e.g., heavy traffic may affect calculation ofalternative routes), weight of the merchandise (e.g., certain heavymerchandise may exceed a maximum UAV carrying capacity), and scheduleddelivery times for subsequent deliveries (e.g., it may be desirable tohave the UAV complete an earlier delivery in order to have sufficienttime to complete later deliveries on time).

At block 312, alternative delivery route(s) may be calculated for theAGV to avoid an obstacle. As addressed above, calculating whetheralternative routes for the AGV are available (and estimated deliverytimes for those alternative routes) may be part of determining whetherthe condition(s) are satisfied. It is generally contemplated that any ofvarious types of vehicle traffic navigation and mapping software may beused. This software may select routes for the AGV based on real timetraffic conditions and route information. Further, it is contemplatedthat these alternative routes and estimated arrival times may becalculated by either an AGV control circuit or by a control circuit at acommand and control center.

At block 314, if the certain conditions are met, the UAV is instructedto retrieve the merchandise item to be delivered from the AGV. In oneform, as described above, the UAV may be mounted on and transported withthe AGV. In another form, the UAV may be at a remote location such as ata command and control center and may fly to the AGV to retrieve themerchandise item. In either form, it is generally contemplated that theUAV will employ some gripper mechanism to retrieve the merchandise item.At this stage, it may be desirable to have a human operator guide andcontrol the UAV and operate the gripper mechanism to retrieve themerchandise item.

At block 316, if the certain conditions are met, a delivery route iscalculated for the UAV from the location of the stopped AGV to thedelivery location. In one form, it is contemplated that a controlcircuit (AGV, UAV, or command and control center) may calculate a flightpath from the stopped AGV location to a waypoint near the final drop-offlocation. Any of various types of flight navigation software may beused, and this software may select routes for the UAV based on weatherand other flight conditions.

At block 318, if the certain conditions are met, the UAV is instructedto deliver the merchandise item to the delivery location by flying alongthe flight path. In one form, the UAV may fly autonomously to thewaypoint, but it may be desirable to have a human operator at thecommand and control center take over and land the UAV after it arrivesat the waypoint. The human operator may be able to more accurately guidethe UAV to the final drop-off location using the UAV’s optical/imagingsensor(s).

At block 320, once the UAV flies from the stopped AGV to the deliverylocation, the UAV may then return to the AGV following completion of thedelivery. This optional step assumes that the AGV has been transportingthe UAV. In this case, once the UAV returns to the AGV, the AGV may thencomplete subsequent deliveries (assuming it is carrying othermerchandise items for delivery) or may return to a home base location(where it may pick up other merchandise items for delivery). The UAV mayagain be used if the AGV encounters obstacles while making subsequentdeliveries.

Referring to FIG. 4 , there is shown a process 400 for deliveringmerchandise using a combination AGV-UAV delivery system. The process 400uses a combination AGV-UAV delivery approach and shows an algorithm withspecific decisions made during the process 400. The process 400 may usesome or all of the components of the systems 100 and 200 describedabove.

The process 400 generally contemplates the use of a UAV and an AGV withcomponents as described above. In this example, the UAV is mounted onthe AGV and travels with the AGV during deliveries. Further, the AGVreceives initial instructions to proceed autonomously to a predeterminedwaypoint near the final delivery location, and a delivery route to thewaypoint has been calculated. It is contemplated that when the AGVreaches the waypoint, it will then communicate with a remote command andcontrol center, and a human operator will then navigate the AGV to thefinal delivery location.

At block 402, the AGV travels along the delivery route to the waypoint.As described above, the AGV includes any of various obstacle detectionsensors that enable it to determine obstacles that may lie in its travelpath. At block 404, the AGV continually monitors to detect if anobstacle is blocking the AGV. At block 406, if the AGV does notencounter any obstacles, it will continue to travel along the deliveryroute. If the AGV does not encounter any obstacles, it could arrive atthe waypoint where the human operator can guide the AGV to complete thedelivery.

At block 408, the AGV has detected an obstacle blocking the AGV. At thispoint, it is contemplated that there will be a check to determinewhether the AGV has enough battery power to complete the delivery and totravel to an appropriate rendezvous location (which may be the startinglocation). It is generally contemplated that the battery power will beperiodically or continually monitored to avoid having the AGV becomestranded at some inconvenient location where it may have to be retrievedlater. At block 408, while the AGV is detained by an obstacle andpossibly waiting for the obstacle to move out of the way, the batterypower will be checked to make sure that this wait will not cause it tobecome stranded. This check may be performed at the AGV or at thecommand and control center, and a predetermined minimum threshold may beused (such as, for example, 50% remaining battery power).

At block 410, it is detected that the battery power level has reached acertain minimum threshold, i.e., there is insufficient battery powerremaining. At this point, it is determined that the AGV will notcomplete the delivery and that the back-up delivery mechanism (the UAV)will complete the delivery. It is generally contemplated that a humanoperator may operate the UAV to retrieve the merchandise item. The UAVmay then fly autonomously to the predetermined waypoint near thedelivery location. At that time, the human operator may take over andnavigate the UAV to the delivery location where the UAV may release themerchandise item. It is contemplated that the UAV will then fly back tothe AGV where the human operator may guide it to the mounting area ofthe AGV.

At block 412, the detected battery power level is sufficient for the AGVto complete the delivery and then proceed to the starting/rendezvouslocation. At this stage, the AGV waits for a certain minimum amount oftime (such as five minutes) for the obstacle to pass. It is generallycontemplated that many obstacles may be temporary in nature (such astraffic, moving cars or people, etc.) so that a short wait may besufficient. At block 414, the AGV detects that the obstacle has movedout of the way within this minimum amount of time. The AGV may thencontinue along the delivery route to complete the delivery.

At block 416, the obstacle has not moved out of the way within theminimum amount of time. For example, the AGV has been waiting for morethan five minutes. The AGV may have encountered a more permanent sort ofobstacle, such as a closed gate. At this time, alternative deliveryroutes to the waypoint may be calculated, including calculation of theestimated travel time along any alternative delivery routes. If analternative delivery route exists and the estimated travel time allowsthe AGV to arrive at the delivery location by the scheduled deliverytime, the AGV will then take the alternative delivery route with theshortest travel time. At block 418, an alternative delivery route existssatisfying these requirements, and the AGV proceeds along thealternative delivery route to complete the delivery.

At block 420, an alternative delivery route does not exist thatsatisfies the above requirements. The AGV will continue to wait for theobstacle to pass or move out of the way. The estimated travel time ofthe AGV to the delivery location relative to the scheduled delivery timeis monitored. As long as the estimated travel time allows the AGV tocomplete the delivery within the scheduled delivery time, the AGV willcontinue to wait for the obstacle to move out of the way. At block 422,assuming the obstacle moves out of the way, the AGV continues to thedelivery location.

However, at block 424, once the estimated travel time no longer allowsthe AGV to complete the delivery by the scheduled delivery time, it isdetermined that the AGV will not complete the delivery. Instead, the UAVwill complete the delivery. Again, it is generally contemplated that ahuman operator may operate the UAV to retrieve the merchandise item, theUAV may fly autonomously to the waypoint, a human operator may land theUAV at the delivery location, and the UAV may then fly back to the AGV.

It is generally contemplated that the steps and decisions of process 400are repeated as the AGV encounters new obstacles. For example, adetermination of battery power is made, at least, every time the AGVencounters an obstacle (and is monitored periodically as the AGV iswaiting for the obstacle to pass). Also, the minimum wait time willrestart every time the AGV encounters another obstacle. Further, the AGVmay encounter obstacles along alternative delivery routes, and thesesteps and decisions will be repeated for obstacles encountered alongalternative delivery paths.

Those skilled in the art will recognize that a wide variety of othermodifications, alterations, and combinations can also be made withrespect to the above described embodiments without departing from thescope of the invention, and that such modifications, alterations, andcombinations are to be viewed as being within the ambit of the inventiveconcept.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system for delivery of merchandise, the systemcomprising: an autonomous ground vehicle (AGV) comprising: a motorizedlocomotion system configured to facilitate movement of the AGV; at leastone sensor configured to detect obstacles in a direction of travel ofthe AGV; a first transceiver configured for wireless communication; afirst control circuit operatively coupled to the motorized locomotionsystem, the at least one sensor, and the first transceiver, the firstcontrol circuit configured to operate and move the AGV; an unmannedaerial vehicle (UAV) comprising: a motorized flight system configured tofacilitate flight of the UAV; a second transceiver configured forwireless communication; a second control circuit operatively coupled tothe motorized flight system and the second transceiver, the secondcontrol circuit configured to operate and fly the UAV; a third controlcircuit configured to: determine if the AGV has stopped at a stoppedlocation based on the detection of an obstacle by the at least onesensor while attempting to deliver a merchandise item to a deliverylocation; and instruct the UAV to deliver the merchandise item from thestopped location to the delivery location.
 2. The system of claim 1wherein the control circuit is configured to: instruct the UAV todeliver the merchandise item from the stopped location to the deliverylocation after the AGV has been stopped at the stopped location for apredetermined maximum wait time interval.
 3. The system of claim 1wherein the third control circuit is configured to: calculate whether analternative delivery route for the AGV to the delivery location from theAGV’s stopped location around the obstacle is available; and instructthe UAV to deliver the merchandise item from the stopped location to thedelivery location when an alternative delivery route for the AGV is notavailable.
 4. The system of claim 1 wherein the third control circuit isconfigured to: determine a length of time required for the UAV to flyfrom the stopped location to the delivery location to calculate anestimated time of arrival for the UAV; and instruct the UAV to deliverthe merchandise item from the stopped location to the delivery locationwhen the estimated time of arrival for the UAV is equivalent to ascheduled delivery time.
 5. The system of claim 1 wherein the controlcircuit is configured to: calculate whether the AGV has sufficientbattery power to travel from the stopped location to the deliverylocation and from the delivery location to a third location; andinstruct the UAV to deliver the merchandise item from the stoppedlocation to the delivery location when the AGV does not have sufficientbattery power.
 6. The system of claim 1 further comprising a mountingarea on the AGV configured to support a UAV on the AGV and to secure itto the AGV during movement of the AGV.
 7. The system of claim 6 whereinthe third control circuit is configured to instruct the UAV to return tothe mounting area on the AGV following completion of delivery by theUAV.
 8. The system of claim 1 wherein the third control circuit isphysically located at a command and control center remote from the AGVand the UAV, the third control circuit in wireless communication withthe first and second control circuits.
 9. The system of claim 1 whereinthe third control circuit defines a unitary control circuit with eitherthe first or second control circuits such that the third control circuitis physically incorporated into either the AGV or UAV.
 10. The system ofclaim 1 wherein the UAV further comprises a gripper mechanism configuredto selectively grasp, hold, and release a merchandise item.
 11. Thesystem of claim 1 wherein: the UAV further comprises an optical sensorconfigured to capture a plurality of images; and the UAV is configuredto deliver the merchandise item to the delivery location using theoptical sensor to capture images of the delivery location.
 12. A methodfor delivery of merchandise comprising: providing an autonomous groundvehicle (AGV) comprising: a motorized locomotion system configured tofacilitate movement of the AGV; at least one sensor configured to detectobstacles in a direction of travel of the AGV; a first transceiverconfigured for wireless communication; a first control circuitoperatively coupled to the motorized locomotion system, the at least onesensor, and the first transceiver, the first control circuit configuredto operate and move the AGV; providing an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)comprising: a motorized flight system configured to facilitate flight ofthe UAV; a second transceiver configured for wireless communication; asecond control circuit operatively coupled to the motorized flightsystem and the second transceiver, the second control circuit configuredto operate and fly the UAV; by a third control circuit: determining ifthe AGV has stopped at a stopped location based on the detection of anobstacle by the at least one sensor while attempting to deliver amerchandise item to a delivery location; and instructing the UAV todeliver the merchandise item from the stopped location to the deliverylocation.
 13. The method of claim 12 further comprising, by the thirdcontrol circuit: instructing the UAV to deliver the merchandise itemfrom the stopped location to the delivery location after the AGV hasbeen stopped at the stopped location for a predetermined maximum waittime interval.
 14. The method of claim 12 further comprising, by thethird control circuit: calculating whether an alternative delivery routefor the AGV to the delivery location from the AGV’s stopped locationaround the obstacle is available; and instructing the UAV to deliver themerchandise item from the stopped location to the delivery location whenan alternative delivery route for the AGV is not available.
 15. Themethod of claim 12 further comprising, by the third control circuit:determining a length of time required for the UAV to fly from thestopped location to the delivery location to calculate an estimated timeof arrival for the UAV; and instructing the UAV to deliver themerchandise item from the stopped location to the delivery location whenthe estimated time of arrival for the UAV is equivalent to a scheduleddelivery time.
 16. The method of claim 12 further comprising, by thethird control circuit: calculating whether the AGV has sufficientbattery power to travel from the stopped location to the deliverylocation and from the delivery location to a third location; andinstructing the UAV to deliver the merchandise item from the stoppedlocation to the delivery location when the AGV does not have sufficientbattery power.
 17. The method of claim 12 further comprising mountingthe UAV on the AGV and securing the UAV to the AGV during movement ofthe AGV to the delivery location.
 18. The method of claim 17 furthercomprising, by the UAV, returning to the AGV following completion ofdelivery by the UAV.
 19. The method of claim 12 further comprising, bythe UAV, selectively grasping, holding, and releasing a merchandiseitem.
 20. The method of claim 12 further comprising, by the UAV,delivering the merchandise item to the delivery location using anoptical sensor to capture images of the delivery location.